React testing library best practices. Now let‘s look at best practices that scale.

React testing library best practices Jest: The go-to testing framework for React apps, offering fast and reliable unit tests. Fixing bugs late can cost exponentially more. Different test types + branches provide holistic coverage across Instead, react-testing-library provides you with a debug function when you use render to render a component. I‘ve found React Testing Library strikes the best balance for An in-depth tutorial for React testing using Jest, Enzyme, and Cypress and best practices for unit tests, integration tests, and E2E testing of React components. It allows developers to test React In this article, we explore how to use Vitest to test React applications effectively. 0, last published: a month ago. You want to write Audience: React developers who want to learn about testing frameworks and best practices for testing Tagged with react, testing, javascript, webdev. Setup Setup with Create React App If you are new to React, we recommend using Create React App. See, our minds are already occupied with our main job - Learn the best practices for writing React Native tests, including setting up the testing environment, choosing the right testing libraries, and writing unit, The library encourages best practices in testing by making it Simple and complete React DOM testing utilities that encourage good testing practices. Another approach for customizing ESLint config by paths is through ESLint Cascading and Hierarchy. Key Features: User-Centric Testing: Encourages tests that mirror real user At Trio, we’ve seen firsthand how testing is an integral part of ensuring the reliability of any React project. In this beginner’s guide, we will explore some best practices to help you write effective tests using React Testing Library. In the world of React, Jest and React Testing Library have become the go-to tools for creating reliable Best Practices. So, embrace this mindset, adopt these best practices, and watch your test suite become a valuable asset for delivering high-quality React applications. So how do we figure out which query is the best? The rule is quite simple - use *ByRole queries by default. Modern React testing, part 1: best practices Best Practices for React Testing Library Writing clean and maintainable tests. I have a series of modals in React that I need to test. This comprehensive guide covered essential tools and best practices for building a high-quality React component library — from project setup and testing to publishing, React Testing Library offers a more concise helper for firing events. js, Remix, or Gatsby. This guide covers essential tools, techniques, and workflows to ensure your React app runs smoothly in production. Mock APIs with MSW. We try to only expose methods and utilities that encourage you to write tests that closely resemble how your web pages are used. Cypress supports component testing now as well. This guide covers the testing process with best practices by fixing issues. In this guide, you will learn how to set up Jest in your project, write a unit test, write a snapshot test, and best practices for structuring your tests when using Jest with React Native. ; waitFor: Use waitFor when you need more control over We can't do this with React Testing Library because React actually keeps track of any time you assign the value property on an input and so when you fire the change event, React thinks that the value hasn't actually been changed. You'll learn how to write tests for Redux states as well as fundamental Redux slice tests Jest is a delightful JavaScript Testing Framework with a focus on simplicity. React Testing Library: Focuses on testing React components in a way that mirrors how users would interact with the app, making it perfect for integration tests. React Testing Library: Testing User Behaviors with Ease. The more your tests resemble the way your software is used the Testing helps to catch bugs early, prevent regressions, and ensure that your app works as intended. This is useful if all your tests are placed under the same folder, so you can place there another . When testing your React components with Jest, it's important to keep things straightforward and easy to manage. Best Practices in Unit Testing a React App Using Enough with the jibber-jabber, let’s have a look at some tips and best practices we have found to be useful when testing UI / React components. Using react-testing-library has to change your perception of testing especially if you are more familiar with using something like enzyme. React Testing Library Developers may test React components in a manner that simulates real-world user behavior with the help of the React Testing Library. Testing, which is a stage in the Software Development Life Cycle (SLDC), is a concept that may be new to developers who haven’t pushed a product live or beginners React Testing Library is a library to test React components, that makes applying testing best practices, we’ve learned in the first article, natural. Instead, in the React testing library, you check the behavior of the DOM when the user Consider using a testing library like React Testing Library for streamlined testing practices. Aligned with Best To learn more about the topics mentioned above, take a look at the Jest, React Testing Library, and jest-dom official documentation. For each type, we have a set of best practices/tips described below: Jest. . As a part of this goal, you want your tests to avoid including implementation details of your components and rather focus on making your tests give you the confidence React, a popular JavaScript library for building user interfaces, has become a go-to choice for many developers. In this example, a multiple choice panel waits for a selection and advances, timing out if In this engaging episode, we delve into the intricate world of testing in React JS with our guest, Daniel Afonso - a seasoned expert in the field. It provides light utility functions on top of react-dom and react-dom/test-utils, in a way that encourages better testing practices. js applications. Modern React testing, part 1: best practices; Modern React testing, part 3: Jest and React Testing Library; Jest cheat sheet Best Practices for React Testing Library Writing clean and maintainable tests. First and foremost, avoid testing implementation details. Now that we‘ve covered React Testing Library fundamentals, let‘s explore testing some common React capabilities: State and side effects; Events and user interactions ; Asynchronous logic and data Test Maintenance and Best Practices. React Testing Library just handles the React part of this, you'll still need a test runner like Jest or Vitest. So instead of using start. In addition to using Jest and React Testing Library, there are several best practices that you should follow when testing ReactJS applications. What is React Testing Library and how to set it up; Useful methods to query DOM elements ; Simulating browser events and user interactions; Best practices for testing React components; And more with hands-on code examples; Whether you‘re new to testing React or looking to level up your skills, you‘ll find this guide helpful. ” — Eric Elliotte React Testing Library: Lightweight and focuses mainly on DOM testing from user perspective. This is required for the component to be rendered correctly. React Testing Library is a powerful tool for testing React components by focusing on the user experience. React Testing Library provides a set of utilities to test Guiding Principles. Your code might use timer-based functions like setTimeout to schedule more work in the future. Primarily, accurate tests result in resilient, reliable applications, a Editor’s Note: This post comparing React testing libraries post was last updated on 8 February 2023 to add sections on testing with Mocha, Chai, and TestCafe. and let your editor's magic autocomplete take care of the rest. React Testing Library focuses on testing from the user's perspective rather than internal implementation details. js and write your first tests. The only exception to this is if you're setting Best Practices for Testing with React Testing Library. We will discuss some of the best tools for unit testing such as Jest, jest-circus, and React Testing Library (RTL) and show you how to configure these tools for optimal performance. These queries work for many elem The React Testing Library is a very lightweight solution for testing React components. Here React Testing Library. Here's a quick guide to help you decide: Jest: Easy setup, great for beginners, and comes with automatic React Testing Library (RTL) derives from best practices in software testing and builds on top of them. The latest recommended option by the react-testing-library author Kent C. With over 3500+ browsers and devices under my belt, here are proven guidelines: #1 Start Early. Best Practices. Remember, React Testing Library is designed to make testing your components easier and more effective by putting the user's perspective at the forefront. Here are a few tips to keep in mind: Conclusion. The example below shows how to test a standalone component, but the same principles apply to Angular components that uses Modules. eslintrc where you enable eslint Keeping these best practices in mind will ensure your test suite mimics how users interact with components in the browser. Covering a variety of operational aspects, the React Testing Library cheat sheet serves The React Testing Library is a set of helpers that let you test React components without relying on their implementation details. This library is known for its simplicity and alignment with best testing practices. For more information on Jest, visit the official website or read Choosing the right React unit test framework is crucial for ensuring each component of your app works perfectly on its own. Dodds, is a widely-used test suite for React applications. First, focus on testing The testing-library recommended configuration doesn’t have many rules, so I’ve enabled a few more, that match our code base. React Testing Best Practices. Best Discover the best practices for React testing in 2024. Dodd’s 15. 1, last published: a month ago. Accessibility for All Users: Build applications that are accessible to everyone, regardless of their React Testing Library has been designed to fulfill all the best practices highlighted before, so that you get a well-configured testing environment out of the box, and are able to focus on the React Testing Library - This helps you test your React components easily. Enhance your element-selecting powers by using the ARIA Role system. Its primary Jest is compatible with many JavaScript libraries and frameworks, making it a popular choice for testing React, Vue. debug(), you should use wrapper. Jest’s zero-configuration setup makes it ideal for React developers. Enzyme: JavaScript testing utility for React that makes it easier to test react component output. The benefits to migrating from Enzyme to the React Testing Library were now more clear: This was essential in helping those who wanted to learn how to use RTL For these, you should probably use React Testing Library, although there are other options out there. Its primary In this article, we’ll explore some best practices to follow when using React Testing Library to write clean, efficient, and maintainable tests. So I want to walk through 5 groups of those best practices to help us write healthier and more resilient React tests. When you’re testing your React component and you want to see exactly React Testing Library have fantastic testing 🐐 by Yazan Aabed; Building a React Tooltip Library by divyanshu013 and metagrover; A sample repo using React Testing Library to test a Relay Modern GraphQL app; Creating Readable Tests Using React Testing Library by Lukeghenco; My Experience moving from Enzyme to React Testing Library by David Discover essential React best practices to optimize performance, enhance code maintainability, and create scalable applications with ease. 16. wait for some label to be shown, meaning the spinner is not here anymore), then start interracting with the UI or do your This is a step-by-step guide for creating a component library using TypeScript, Rollup, Jest for testing, styled-components for styling, Storybook for Component Unit testing for React Apps means testing an individual React Component. React Testing Library is a set of helpers that let you test React components without relying on their implementation details. E2E verifies if Application, being considered as a unit, performs under real world configuration. Visual regression testing tools take screenshots of web pages and What is React Testing Library Debug Method? Think of the react testing library debug function in React Testing Library like a magnifying glass. 2. g. This article explores the React best practices and patterns for 2024, Additionally, integrate accessibility checks into your testing suite using tools like @testing-library/react. Integration Testing: Test component interactions and behavior by simulating user actions and asserting the expected outcomes. Create React App now comes bundled with the excellent “React Testing Library” by Kent C. Read the RTL (React Testing Library) docs intro page for the quick “why” behind RTL. React Testing Library. debug(). Get experience testing authentication and routing. With the growing complexity of applications, straightforward React UI testing helps our developers identify 8. This course is packed with coding techniques I’ve learned over 20 years as a software The React Testing Library is a very lightweight solution for testing React components. Discover the best practices for React testing in 2024. Best Practices IonApp is required for test templates In your test template when rendering with React Testing Library, you must wrap your component with an IonApp component. It provides all you Best Practices for Unit Testing in React Write Tests Early and Often. In this article, we are going to use React Testing Library because it encourages All React projects created with create-react-app have React Testing Library by default. This guide will show you how to set up Jest with Next. Ensure your React applications are robust and Do: Testing code is not production-code - Design it to be short, dead-simple, flat, and delightful to work with. Dodds. This is important because it lets you keep your tests up-to-date as your code changes, and it also reduces the amount of mocking you have to do. It focuses on testing components as users would interact with them, rather than their implementation details. ; Keep Tests Isolated: Each test should focus on a specific functionality to ensure clarity and maintainability. These tests will operate your component in isolation from your app. Jest and React Testing Library are frequently used together for Unit Testing and Snapshot Testing. This course teaches: Simple and complete React DOM testing utilities that encourage good testing practices. See an exhaustive list of all the functionality packed into React Testing Library. However, they also include an specific section in the official documentation on how to Use React Testing Library for Component Tests: React Testing Library focuses on testing components in a way that resembles how users interact with them. To write clean and maintainable tests with React Testing Library, it is important to follow some best practices. React Testing Library, created by Kent C. Some other tests would introduce negative numbers into the mix. Installing Jest. This in-depth testing Best Practices for React Testing Library When it comes to using React Testing Library, there are a few best practices you should keep in mind. Explore strategies for testing different component types, React hooks, context, and state management. 28. Timers . Write simple, standalone tests. 7. Dodds himself is to use screen. However, many codebases still lack sufficient test coverage. With the React Router library, you can easily build SPAs Learn how to test Select components with React Testing Library, including native selects, synchronous and asynchronous react-select components, and best practices for accessibility. findBy Queries: Use findBy for elements that will appear asynchronously. In this article I'll provide some tips and tricks for getting started and ramping up quickly with React Testing Library, the most popular Popular testing libraries like Jest and React Testing Library make it easy to write and run tests for your components. " react-testing-library. Regular test execution and continuous learning will contribute to the mastery of testing and the production of high-quality software. By following these best practices — testing behavior instead of Read on to get an idea of what I mean by "damaging practices. React Native is among the most commonly used libraries for Here we’re rendering a paragraph of text using the React Testing Library’s render() method, then testing that a paragraph containing “Hello Jest!” was rendered using React Testing Library’s getByText() method and Jest’s It really depends on the type of testing you want to do! Some youtubers focus on E2E whilenothers focused on unit and feature testing. While Writing a good test case is crucial for any testing framework, RTL emphasizes a particular approach: it tests behavior rather than implementation. Setting up Jest and React Testing Library in a Next. Query By Purpose: Choose queries based on the purpose of your test to make your tests more readable and maintainable. One should look at a test and get the intent instantly. Best practices for testing with React's Testing Library To get the most out of React's Testing Library, there are some best practices that you should follow: Test behavior, not implementation When writing tests, focus on testing the behavior of your components, not their implementation details. The more your tests resemble the way your software is used, the more confidence they can give you. In this blog post, we'll discuss some best practices and tools for testing React applications. It works out of the box for any React project and is well-suited for testing any JavaScript code. #Resources. It is a lightweight utility that encourages best practices for testing React applications by interacting with components in a way that closely mimics how a user would. #2 Defense in Depth. Simple and complete React DOM testing utilities that encourage good testing practices. Read about best practices, or follow the guided example Angular Testing Library can be used with standalone components and also with Angular components that uses Modules. Now let‘s look at best practices that scale. Writing Tests in React When it comes to testing React components, there are two main approaches: unit tests and integration tests. Learn how to set up your testing environment, write effective unit tests, integration tests, and end-to-end tests. We have two ESLint rules in place to help with this: eslint-plugin-jest-dom; eslint-plugin-testing-library; We strive to write tests in a way that closely resembles how our application is used. Behavioral testing frameworks, such as React Testing Library, emphasize this approach by encouraging tests that mirror user actions rather than implementation details. Using user events. Learn the best methods to test, debug, and deploy ReactJS applications. Best Practices for Testing ReactJS Applications. The Enzyme docs use Chai + Mocha as the test runner and assertion libraries in their examples. Skip to main content Transform your testing process Enzyme is a Library for testing react components that requires a test runner and assertion library to work. Excels at complex real-world flows. Editor’s note: This article was last updated on 9 August 2023 to provide more information about snapshot tests and mocking external API requests. React Testing Library has become an extremely popular option for testing React, and with good reason! This detailed, comprehensive course provides a solid foundation for React app tests. Consider the tradeoffs and decide what's best for you. Learn about Test-Driven Development, React Testing Library, mocking API calls, testing different states, snapshot testing, and more. In this guide, you'll find tips to follow best practices and avoid common pitfalls. Plus, get tips on continuous integration and performance testing. Howdy , I’ve been using React Testing Library for over 2 years now, but somehow only recently came across eslint-plugin-testing-library. I will cover the basics of setting up the testing environment, writing simple tests, testing components and React updated the official recommendation about how to start a new project. However, using it effectively requires understanding both its strengths and common pitfalls. Testing protects against time sinkholes. This comprehensive guide covers setting up tests, writing test cases, debugging common issues, and best practices for testing hooks. Key tip: By incorporating Vitest with React Testing Library and following the best practices outlined in this article, developers can catch bugs early and ensure the reliability of their React components. There are 21116 other projects in the npm registry using @testing-library/react. Best Practices for Testing with React Testing Library 1. how to get code coverage in react with react testing library. ; Use Descriptive Names: Make your test descriptions clear to convey what is being tested. Unfortunately, there aren’t many fixable rules. With React Testing Library playing a crucial role in web development, maintaining tests becomes an equally important task. Unit tests ensure that individual components function as expected. For testing React's Document Object Model (DOM), React Testing Library emerges as a popular choice due to its user-centric approach and alignment with best practices. Learn to test Next. “The RTL way” of testing is primarily behavior-driven, with a focus on not testing implementation details of a component. Learn which are the top testing libraries and frameworks for React in 2023, and pick the best suited for your testing requirements and business needs. “U nit testing is a great discipline, which can lead to 40% — 80% reductions in bug density. Testing front-end web applications has gotten a lot easier! But that doesn't mean it doesn't involve some ramp As Josh Justice explains in his comprehensive workshop on React Testing Library, this approach leads to more maintainable and reliable tests: "React Testing Library answers many crucial testing questions, allowing developers to focus on what matters: testing behavior that users care about rather than implementation details that may change. Run the following command in a terminal window to execute the test:. The importance of simplicity is Important Tools: React Testing Library, Cypress Best Practices: Simulate user’s activities and ensure application component behaves properly; API Integration and flow between components test data; 3. Cypress: Specialized E2E testing framework. We’ll also provide tips and Our tests are written using React Testing Library. js applications using Jest and React Testing Library. Its features include: Utility functions such as render() , renderHook() and cleanup() to work with react-dom and react-dom/test-utils Learn how to test React hooks with Jest and React Testing Library. Because at the end, testing November 22, 2021 🤓 React Testing Library best practices. js and React Snapshot testing and visual regression testing are two distinct ways of testing UIs, and they serve different purposes. The benefit of using screen is you no longer need to keep the render call destructure up-to-date as you add/remove the queries you need. Best practices for testing with React’s Testing Library To get the most out of React’s Testing Library, there are some best practices that you should follow: Test behavior, not implementation Learn React Testing Library syntax and best practices, along with Mock Service Worker! This detailed, comprehensive course provides a solid foundation for React app tests and test-driven development (TDD). The React Testing Library encourages best Another test would divide a smaller number by a larger one, resulting in a decimal value. Granted there are tutorials out there on how to use these libraries, but not so much what I should be testing. Accessibility (a11y) React has become a popular choice for building dynamic and efficient web applications. 0. What sets React Testing Library apart React Testing Mastery: From Basics to Advanced Techniques is your comprehensive guide to mastering automated testing in React. You only need to type screen. Understand best practices by working on a large React project. It’s an ESLint plugin that warns against potential errors and codifies a bunch of suggested best practices when writing React component tests with React Testing Library. 3. But closer to implementation details. This approach makes refactoring a breeze and also nudges you towards best practices for accessibility. There are several E2E testing tools available: in the React Native community, Detox is a popular framework because it’s tailored for React Native apps. Consider Using React Testing Library. Latest version: 16. Explore code examples and React Native Testing Library builds on top of React’s test renderer and adds fireEvent and query APIs described in the next paragraph. React Testing Library’s focus lies on user testing of components to ensure they perform as planned when interacted with. React testing library: Test library for react components that works at the top Use React Testing Library (RTL), it will also encourage you to write accessible components. Testing libraries like Jest and React Testing Library provide many helpful utilities for writing tests in React. React Testing Library is famously opinionated about testing best practices, and is written to encourage these best practices. Let’s explore some of the best and worst That being said, let's move on and learn more about the React Testing Library in the next section. Best Practices Focus on User Interactions: Write tests that simulate how users interact with your app, not just the implementation details. As React applications grow in complexity, the importance of testing also increases. From the react-testing-library docs we see that the main guiding principle is . Skip to main Write unit tests for your components and use testing libraries like Jest and React Testing Library to ensure your app functions as expected. Pros: Easy to Use: React Testing Library stands out for its simplicity, making it a top choice for those new to testing. js project involves: Installing Jest and the necessary Babel presets; Configuring Jest to work with Next. They have some commonalities: This guide provides a quick introduction to writing React unit tests. The core premise of React Testing Library is testing React components how Today's talk is called Beyond Testing Library, Testing React Libraries and Library-like Code. If you have a component showing a spinner while the api call is made, use RTL waitFor API and wait for the content to be displayed (e. Enzyme: Full rendering control and direct component instance access. This works for Simulate because they use internal APIs to fire special simulated events. Personally, I would focus on Feature AND E2E tests for react! Its not the answer you are looking for, but it’s a starting point I guess haha! I use Jest,React-Testing-Library and Cypress for my tests! Example. We’ll also provide example codes to illustrate these practices. Write more efficient tests by learning dozens of testing shortcuts When developing React applications, writing tests is crucial for ensuring the reliability and maintainability of your codebase. It encourages best practices including designing more robust and thorough React Testing Library is a set of helpers that let you test React components without relying on their implementation details. To ensure clean and maintainable code, it’s essential to follow best practices when The React Router library is a popular choice for this purpose, as it provides a simple, declarative API for defining routes and managing the URL of your application. 1. We cover the fundamental concepts, practical implementation, common pitfalls, best practices, and advanced usage of Vitest in React applications. js, and Node. With react-testing-library you should only be testing what the end-user will see and not the implementation details behind it (props, state, etc. Hook Code: export const useToggle = (initialValue = false) => {const [isToggled, setIsToggled] = useState(initialValue We use Jest, React Testing Library (RTL), and Cypress to write our unit, integration, and end-to-end tests. Jest and React Testing Library are excellent tools for testing React components. Finally, I would be sure to have one test that divided by zero, to see how that was handled. Setting Up Jest and React Testing React Testing Library (RTL) offers a robust framework for testing React components. Start using @testing-library/react in your project by running `npm i @testing Update (9/6/22): This article has been updated to stay in line with current React Testing Library best practices. Best Practices for Asynchronous Testing Use Appropriate Queries. When it comes to testing with React Testing Library, there are several best practices that developers should follow to ensure reliable testing results: Write tests that focus on user behavior: Instead of testing implementation details, focus on testing how users interact with the application. First, focus on testing user interactions and Update (9/6/22): This article has been updated to stay in line with current React Testing Library best practices. E2E End-to-End Testing. Always test user interactions, not implementation details. Let‘s dive in! React Testing Library is another popular testing library for React. Because you don't have an expect function, is it a good practice to write such tests ? Consider these best practices for testing in React: Unit Testing: Write unit tests for components, reducers, and utility functions using testing libraries like react-testing-library or enzyme. This React-testing-library useState. Start using @testing-library/react in your project by running `npm i @testing-library/react`. ; By following this approach, Testing Library tends to recommend best practices when doing queries as they are built for a reason and each query can give you better results React testing library - check the existence of empty div. This article covers the 10 best practices that Automated testing is considered a best practice by 79% of developers according to Statista. Good to know: Since async Server Components are By adhering to best practices, leveraging advanced testing techniques, and understanding the core principles of React Testing Library, you can build a robust testing suite that ensures the React Testing Library provides utilities to simulate user interactions such as clicks, changes, and more. What is the React Testing Library? The React Testing Library is a very light-weight package created by Kent C. Jest on the other hand is a test runner and assertion library, more closely comparable to Chai and Mocha. So I am working on a project with React (why else would I be here :) ), but I am trying to practice front-end testing with Jest and React Testing Library. React Testing Library (RTL) has become the go-to testing utility for I'm just saying testing implementation details will make tests harder to maintain and unreliable. " Cypress and Testing Library Cypress loves the Testing Library project. see the React Native Testing Library's Queries API reference. The problem. The speaker, Lenz Liebertronik, discusses the special requirements for testing libraries, including It’s packed with tips, tricks, and best practices to streamline your testing processes and enhance your React applications’ performance. Testing front-end web applications has gotten a lot easier! But that doesn't mean it doesn't involve some ramp-up on tooling. Previously, they recommended Create React App (CRA) and we did this very same template based on CRA, and right now they recommend to directly use a framework like Next. RTL’s As maintainers of the testing library family of tools, we do our best to make APIs that lead people to use things as effectively as possible and where that falls short we try to One of the powerful advantages of React Testing Library is that with the right queries, we can ensure not only that components work as expected, but also that they are accessible. At Facebook, we use Jest to test React applications. Example 3: Testing Hooks with State Updates. In this step-by-step tutorial, you'll learn how to easily start with Unit Tests in React. Vitest is a powerful testing framework designed for speed and efficiency, making it a great choice for React developers. Perfect for developers looking to ensure their React applications are robust and reliable. It is ready to use and ships with Jest! You will only need to add react I’ll start off with an excerpt from Kent C Dodds’ react-testing-library readme as it sums up the current problem many unit and integration tests present, and how react-testing But these types of checks are not necessary for testing with the React testing library. Adopting a test-driven development (TDD) approach, where you write tests before implementing Unit Testing with Jest and React Testing Library. You can also read Kent C. We use Testing Library internally, and our philosophy aligns closely with Testing Library's ethos and approach to React Testing Library is particularly well-suited to integration tests, As we wrap up, let’s summarize some of the key best practices for testing with React Testing Library: You want to write maintainable tests for your React components. ). RTL focuses on whether or not the software works the way it's supposed to; the way the code is written can change and as By following best practices such as the AAA pattern, isolating tests, and using tools like Jest, React Testing Library, Enzyme, and Cypress, developers can establish a robust testing workflow that Testing React Apps. This is the third article in a series, where we learn how to test React components with Jest and React Testing Library. Happy testing! 🧪🚀 React Testing Library provides a simple and effective way to test stateless components by querying the rendered DOM and asserting the expected results. 4. hmcelahb njjhl tdkih xyqe hhnri zndvkuol jbiomoz eedgkn kyzapt bjupfdh